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<title>Cellulitis</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cellulitis</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the subcutaneous infection. For subcutaneous fat, see <a href="Cellulite" title="Cellulite">Cellulite</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cellulitis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Skin cellulitis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a>, <a href="Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Red, hot, painful area of skin, <a href="Fever" title="Fever">fever</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mint2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">7–10 days<sup id="cite_ref-Mint2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Break in the skin, <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="Pedal_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal edema">leg swelling</a>, old age<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ed2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">stasis dermatitis</a>, <a href="Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>, <a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, <a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a>. <a href="Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a> must be ruled out, and if it occurs, must be rapidly treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSALyme2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSALyme2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Elevation of the affected area<sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Antibiotics such as <a href="Cephalexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalexin">cephalexin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">21.2 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">16,900 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Cellulitis</b> is usually<sup id="cite_ref-Bansal_Nimmatoori_Singhania_et_al_2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal_Nimmatoori_Singhania_et_al_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It specifically affects the <a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> and <a href="Subcutaneous_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous fat">subcutaneous fat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size over a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be swollen.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the redness often turns white when pressure is applied, this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of infection is usually painful.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lymphatic_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic vessels">Lymphatic vessels</a> may occasionally be involved,<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the person may have a <a href="Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and feel tired.<sup id="cite_ref-Mint2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The legs and face are the most common sites involved, although cellulitis can occur on any part of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leg is typically affected following a break in the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a> include <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="Pedal_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal edema">leg swelling</a>, and old age.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For facial infections, a break in the skin beforehand is not usually the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacteria most commonly involved are <a href="Streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococci">streptococci</a> and <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to cellulitis, <a href="Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> is a bacterial infection involving the more superficial layers of the skin, present with an area of redness with well-defined edges, and more often is associated with a fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagnosis is usually based on the presenting signs and symptoms, while a <a href="Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a> is rarely possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ed2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before making a diagnosis, more serious infections such as an underlying <a href="Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">bone infection</a> or <a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a> should be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Treatment is typically with <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> taken by mouth, such as <a href="Cephalexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalexin">cephalexin</a>, <a href="Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a> or <a href="Cloxacillin" title="Cloxacillin">cloxacillin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are allergic to <a href="Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> may be prescribed <a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> or <a href="Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i></a> (MRSA) is a concern, <a href="Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> or <a href="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a> may, in addition, be recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is concern related to the presence of <a href="Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> or previous MRSA infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mint2013_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevating the infected area may be useful, as may <a href="Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">pain killers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Potential complications include <a href="Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 95% of people are better after 7 to 10 days of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Mint2013_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with diabetes, however, often have worse outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryden2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryden2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulitis occurred in about 21.2 million people in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States about 2 of every 1,000 people per year have a case affecting the lower leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, cellulitis was the reason for 1.6% of admissions to a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div>

<p>The typical signs and symptoms of cellulitis are an area that is red, hot, and painful. The photos shown here are of mild to moderate cases and are not representative of the earlier stages of the condition.

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">Cellulitis following an abrasion: Note the red streaking up the arm from the involvement of the lymphatic system.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Infected left shin in comparison to the right-sided shin with no sign of symptoms.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Cellulitis of the leg with foot involvement.</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3></div>

<p>Potential complications may include <a href="Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> formation, <a href="Fasciitis" title="Fasciitis">fasciitis</a>, and <a href="Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>Cellulitis is usually, but not always,<sup id="cite_ref-Bansal_Nimmatoori_Singhania_et_al_2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal_Nimmatoori_Singhania_et_al_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by <a href="Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a> that enter and infect the tissue through breaks in the skin. <a href="Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A</a> <i><a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> and <i><a href="Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> are the most common causes of the infection and may be found on the skin as normal biota in healthy individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>About 80% of cases of <a href="Ludwig's_angina" title="Ludwig's angina">Ludwig's angina</a>, or cellulitis of the submandibular space, are caused by dental infections. Mixed infections, due to both aerobes and anaerobes, are commonly associated with this type of cellulitis. Typically, this includes <a href="Streptococcus#Alpha-hemolytic" title="Streptococcus">alpha-hemolytic streptococci</a>, staphylococci, and <a href="Bacteroides" title="Bacteroides">bacteroides'</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhingra_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhingra-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Predisposing conditions for cellulitis include an insect or <a href="Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">spider bite</a>, <a href="Blister" title="Blister">blistering</a>, an animal bite, <a href="Tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattoos">tattoos</a>, <a href="Itch" title="Itch">pruritic</a> (itchy) skin rash, recent <a href="Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="Athlete's_foot" title="Athlete's foot">athlete's foot</a>, <a href="Xeroderma" title="Xeroderma">dry skin</a>, <a href="Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, injecting drugs (especially subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or where an attempted intravenous injection "misses" or blows the vein), pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity, which can affect circulation, as well as burns and <a href="Boil" title="Boil">boils</a>, although debate exists as to whether minor foot lesions contribute. Occurrences of cellulitis may also be associated with the rare condition <a href="Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a> or dissecting cellulitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Cellulitis:_All_You_Need_to_Know_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cellulitis:_All_You_Need_to_Know-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The appearance of the skin assists a doctor in determining a diagnosis. A doctor may also suggest blood tests, a wound culture, or other tests to help rule out a blood clot deep in the veins of the legs. Cellulitis in the lower leg is characterized by signs and symptoms similar to those of a <a href="Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, such as warmth, pain, and swelling (inflammation).

</p><p>Reddened skin or rash may signal a deeper, more serious infection of the inner layers of skin. Once below the skin, the bacteria can spread rapidly, entering the lymph nodes and the bloodstream and spreading throughout the body. This can result in influenza-like symptoms with a high temperature and sweating or feeling very cold with shaking, as the affected person cannot get warm.<sup id="cite_ref-Cellulitis:_All_You_Need_to_Know_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cellulitis:_All_You_Need_to_Know-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In rare cases, the infection can spread to the deep layer of tissue called the <a href="Fascial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial">fascial</a> lining. <a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a>, also called by the media "flesh-eating bacteria", is an example of a deep-layer infection. It is a <a href="Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3></div>

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<p>The elderly and those with <a href="Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">a weakened immune system</a> are especially vulnerable to contracting cellulitis. <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetics</a> are more susceptible to cellulitis than the general population because of impairment of the immune system; they are especially prone to cellulitis in the feet, because the disease causes impairment of blood circulation in the legs, leading to diabetic foot or foot ulcers. Poor control of blood glucose levels allows bacteria to grow more rapidly in the affected tissue and facilitates rapid progression if the infection enters the bloodstream. Neural degeneration in diabetes means these ulcers may not be painful, thus often become infected. Those who have had <a href="Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> are also prone because of circulatory problems, especially in the legs.

</p><p>Immunosuppressive drugs, and other illnesses or infections that weaken the immune system, are also factors that make infection more likely. <a href="Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Chickenpox</a> and <a href="Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a> often result in blisters that break open, providing a gap in the skin through which bacteria can enter. <a href="Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">Lymphedema</a>, which causes swelling on the arms and/or legs, can also put an individual at risk.

Diseases that affect blood circulation in the legs and feet, such as <a href="Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">chronic venous insufficiency</a> and <a href="Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>, are also risk factors for cellulitis.

</p><p>Cellulitis is also common among dense populations sharing hygiene facilities and common living quarters, such as military installations, college dormitories, nursing homes, oil platforms, and homeless shelters.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<p>Cellulitis is most often a clinical diagnosis, readily identified in many people by history and physical examination alone, with rapidly spreading areas of cutaneous <a href="Edema" title="Edema">swelling</a>, redness, and heat, occasionally associated with inflammation of regional <a href="Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>. While classically distinguished as a separate entity from erysipelas by spreading more deeply to involve the subcutaneous tissues, many clinicians may classify erysipelas as cellulitis. Both are often treated similarly, but cellulitis associated with <a href="Boil" title="Boil">furuncles</a>, <a href="Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">carbuncles</a>, or <a href="Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> is usually caused by <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a></i>, which may affect treatment decisions, especially antibiotic selection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin aspiration of nonpurulent cellulitis, usually caused by streptococcal organisms, is rarely helpful for diagnosis, and <a href="Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">blood cultures</a> are positive in fewer than 5% of all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is important to evaluate for co-existent abscess, as this finding usually requires surgical drainage as opposed to antibiotic therapy alone. Physicians' clinical assessment for abscess may be limited, especially in cases with extensive overlying induration, but use of <a href="Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">bedside ultrasonography</a> performed by an experienced practitioner readily discriminates between abscess and cellulitis and may change management in up to 56% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of ultrasound for abscess identification may also be indicated in cases of antibiotic failure. Cellulitis has a characteristic "cobblestoned" appearance indicative of subcutaneous edema without a defined hypoechoic, heterogeneous fluid collection that would indicate abscess.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3></div>

<p>Other conditions that may mimic cellulitis include <a href="Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, which can be diagnosed with a compression leg <a href="Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a>, and <a href="Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">stasis dermatitis</a>, which is inflammation of the skin from poor blood flow. Signs of a more severe infection such as necrotizing fasciitis or <a href="Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">gas gangrene</a> that would require prompt surgical intervention include purple <a href="Bulla_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulla (dermatology)">bullae</a>, skin sloughing, subcutaneous edema, and systemic toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misdiagnosis can occur in up to 30% of people with suspected lower-extremity cellulitis, leading to 50,000 to 130,000 unnecessary hospitalizations and $195 to $515 million in avoidable healthcare spending annually in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaluation by dermatologists for cases of suspected cellulitis has been shown to reduce misdiagnosis rates and improve patient outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29453874_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29453874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29453872_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29453872-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Associated musculoskeletal findings are sometimes reported. When it occurs with <a href="Acne_conglobata" title="Acne conglobata">acne conglobata</a>, <a href="Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a>, and <a href="Pilonidal_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilonidal cyst">pilonidal cysts</a>, the syndrome is referred to as the follicular occlusion triad or tetrad.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a> can be misdiagnosed as cellulitis. The characteristic <a href="Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">bullseye rash</a> does not always appear in Lyme disease (the rash may not have a central or ring-like clearing, or not appear at all).<sup id="cite_ref-wright_2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright_2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors supportive of Lyme include recent outdoor activities where Lyme is common and rash at an unusual site for cellulitis, such as <a href="Armpit" class="mw-redirect" title="Armpit">armpit</a>, <a href="Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>, or behind the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC-Lyme-Data_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-Lyme-Data-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright_2012_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright_2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyme can also result in long-term neurologic complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Aucott2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aucott2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard treatment for cellulitis, <a href="Cephalexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalexin">cephalexin</a>, is not useful in Lyme disease.<sup id="cite_ref-IDSALyme2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSALyme2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it is unclear which one is present, the <a href="Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America" title="Infectious Diseases Society of America">IDSA</a> recommends treatment with <a href="Cefuroxime_axetil" title="Cefuroxime axetil">cefuroxime axetil</a> or <a href="Amoxicillin/clavulanic_acid" title="Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid">amoxicillin/clavulanic acid</a>, as these are effective against both infections.<sup id="cite_ref-IDSALyme2006_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSALyme2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div>

<p>In those who have previously had cellulitis, the use of antibiotics may help prevent future episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is recommended by Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST) for those who have had more than two episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2012_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 meta-analysis found a benefit of preventative antibiotics for recurrent cellulitis in the lower limbs, but the preventative effects appear to diminish after stopping antibiotic therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>

<p>Antibiotics are usually prescribed, with the agent selected based on suspected organism and presence or absence of <a href="Purulence" class="mw-redirect" title="Purulence">purulence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the best treatment choice is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an abscess is also present, surgical drainage is usually indicated, with antibiotics often prescribed for co-existent cellulitis, especially if extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain relief is also often prescribed, but excessive pain should always be investigated, as it is a symptom of <a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a>. Elevation of the affected area is often recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32965485_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32965485-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">Steroids</a> may speed recovery in those on antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Vary2014_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vary2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h3></div>

<p>Antibiotics choices depend on regional availability, but a penicillinase-resistant <a href="Semisynthetic_penicillin" class="mw-redirect" title="Semisynthetic penicillin">semisynthetic penicillin</a> or a first-generation <a href="Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a> is currently recommended for cellulitis without abscess.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A course of antibiotics is not effective in between 6 and 37% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>

<p>Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to β-hemolytic <a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a> and <a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div>

<p><a href="Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a> may acquire cellulitis, usually secondarily to a wound (which can be extremely small and superficial) or to a deep-tissue infection, such as an abscess or infected bone, tendon sheath or joint.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16882479_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16882479-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18296664_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18296664-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulitis from a superficial wound usually creates less <a href="Lameness_(equine)" title="Lameness (equine)">lameness</a> (grade 1–2 of 5) than that caused by septic arthritis (grade 4–5). The horse exhibits inflammatory edema, which is hot, painful swelling. This swelling differs from <a href="Filled_legs" class="mw-redirect" title="Filled legs">stocking up</a> in that the horse does not display symmetrical swelling in two or four legs, but in only one leg. This swelling begins near the source of infection, but eventually continues down the leg. In some cases, the swelling also travels distally. Treatment includes cleaning the wound and caring for it properly, the administration of <a href="NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAIDs</a>, such as <a href="Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">phenylbutazone</a>, cold hosing, applying a sweat wrap or a <a href="Poultice" title="Poultice">poultice</a>, and mild exercise.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis" title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> cellulitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Mint2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mint2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mint2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mint2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mint2013_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mint2013_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMistry2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mistry RD (Oct 2013). "Skin and soft tissue infections". <i>Pediatric Clinics of North America</i>. <b>60</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1063–</span>82. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pcl.2013.06.011">10.1016/j.pcl.2013.06.011</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24093896">24093896</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOhKo,_HCLee,_HYSafdar,_N2014" class="citation journal cs1">Oh CC, Ko, HC, Lee, HY, Safdar, N, Maki, DG, Chlebicki, MP (Feb 24, 2014). "Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing recurrent cellulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". <i>Journal of Infection</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2014.02.011">10.1016/j.jinf.2014.02.011</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576824">24576824</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDalalEskin-SchwartzMimouniRay2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dalal A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Mimouni D, Ray S, Days W, Hodak E, Leibovici L, Paul M (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481501">"Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2017</b> (6): CD009758. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009758.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD009758.pub2</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481501">6481501</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631307">28631307</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKilburnFeatherstoneHigginsBrindle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kilburn SA, Featherstone P, Higgins B, Brindle R (16 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693180">"Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2020</b> (6): CD004299. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004299.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004299.pub2</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693180">8693180</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20556757">20556757</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid32965485-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32965485_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHanFaletskyMostaghimi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Han J, Faletsky A, Mostaghimi A (2020). "Cellulitis". <i>JAMA Dermatol</i>. <b>156</b> (12): 1384. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2020.2083">10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2083</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32965485">32965485</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221862981">221862981</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFObaitanDwyerLipworthKupper2016" class="citation journal cs1">Obaitan I, Dwyer R, Lipworth AD, Kupper TS, Camargo CA, Hooper DC, Murphy GF, Pallin DJ (May 2016). "Failure of antibiotics in cellulitis trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis". <i>The American Journal of Emergency Medicine</i>. <b>34</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1645–</span>52. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajem.2016.05.064">10.1016/j.ajem.2016.05.064</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27344098">27344098</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaffKroshinsky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Raff AB, Kroshinsky D (19 July 2016). "Cellulitis: A Review". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>316</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>337. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.8825">10.1001/jama.2016.8825</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434444">27434444</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241077983">241077983</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid16882479-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16882479_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdamSouthwood2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adam EN, Southwood LL (August 2006). "Surgical and traumatic wound infections, cellulitis, and myositis in horses". <i>Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>61, viii. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cveq.2006.04.003">10.1016/j.cveq.2006.04.003</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16882479">16882479</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid18296664-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18296664_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFjordbakkArroyoHewson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fjordbakk CT, Arroyo LG, Hewson J (February 2008). "Retrospective study of the clinical features of limb cellulitis in 63 horses". <i>Veterinary Record</i>. <b>162</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fvr.162.8.233">10.1136/vr.162.8.233</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296664">18296664</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18579931">18579931</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFStevensBisnoChambersDellinger2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan SL, Montoya JG, Wade JC (15 July 2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>59. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciu296">10.1093/cid/ciu296</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947530">24947530</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webnetstudy.com/cellulitis-cellulite-symptoms-causes-treatment/html">"Cellulitis"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 24 December 2023.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876887" class="extiw external" title="d:Q876887">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L03">L03</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=682.9">682.9</a></li><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D00248">D00248</a></li><li><b><a href="Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29806.htm">29806</a></li><li><b><a href="SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://browser.ihtsdotools.org/?perspective=full&conceptId1=128045006&languages=en">128045006</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm">000855</a></li><li><b><a href="EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/310-overview">med/310</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic88.htm#">emerg/88</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic464.htm#">derm/464</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li>

<li><a href="Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li>

<li><a href="Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and<br>subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li>

<li><a href="Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li>

<li><a href="Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li>

<li><a href="Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li>

<li><a href="Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaposi's_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li>

<li><a href="Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li>

<li><a href="Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With<br> epidermal<br> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Darier's_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li>

<li>Tinea (<a href="Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li>

<li><a href="Athlete's_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li>

<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li>

<li><a href="Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li>

<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li>

<li><a href="Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li>

<li><a href="Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li>

<li><a href="Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li>

<li><a href="Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without<br> epidermal<br> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable<br> <a href="Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li>

<li>Erythema (<a href="Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable<br> Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li>

<li><a href="Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<br> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li>

<li><a href="Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li>

<li><a href="Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous<br> membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li>

<li><a href="Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li>

<li><a href="Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bacterial_skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial skin disease">Bacterial skin disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Gram +ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection">Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Streptococcal_intertrigo" title="Streptococcal intertrigo">Streptococcal intertrigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a> / <a href="Chronic_recurrent_erysipelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic recurrent erysipelas">Chronic recurrent erysipelas</a></li>

<li><a href="Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Erythrasma" title="Erythrasma">Erythrasma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermatitis_gangrenosa" title="Dermatitis gangrenosa">Dermatitis gangrenosa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Erysipeloid_of_Rosenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysipeloid of Rosenbach">Erysipeloid of Rosenbach</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Mycobacterium-<br>related</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Borderline_lepromatous_leprosy" title="Borderline lepromatous leprosy">Borderline lepromatous leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Borderline_leprosy" title="Borderline leprosy">Borderline leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Borderline_tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Borderline tuberculoid leprosy">Borderline tuberculoid leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_induratum" title="Erythema induratum">Erythema induratum</a></li>

<li><a href="Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepromatous_leprosy" title="Lepromatous leprosy">Lepromatous leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_scrofulosorum" title="Lichen scrofulosorum">Lichen scrofulosorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">Lupus vulgaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">Miliary tuberculosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_complex_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection"><i>Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycobacterium_haemophilum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium haemophilum infection"><i>Mycobacterium haemophilum</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycobacterium_kansasii_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium kansasii infection"><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Papulonecrotic_tuberculid" title="Papulonecrotic tuberculid">Papulonecrotic tuberculid</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_inoculation_tuberculosis" title="Primary inoculation tuberculosis">Primary inoculation tuberculosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_growing_mycobacterium_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid growing mycobacterium infection">Rapid growing mycobacterium infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrofuloderma" title="Scrofuloderma">Scrofuloderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculosis_cutis_orificialis" title="Tuberculosis cutis orificialis">Tuberculosis cutis orificialis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculosis_verrucosa_cutis" title="Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis">Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculous_gumma" title="Tuberculous gumma">Tuberculous gumma</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Tuberculoid leprosy">Tuberculoid leprosy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cutaneous_actinomycosis" title="Cutaneous actinomycosis">Cutaneous actinomycosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nocardiosis" title="Nocardiosis">Nocardiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_diphtheria_infection" title="Cutaneous diphtheria infection">Cutaneous diphtheria infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_infection" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection"><i>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_JK_corynebacterium_sepsis" title="Group JK corynebacterium sepsis">Group JK corynebacterium sepsis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram -ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endemic_typhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic typhus">Endemic typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li>

<li><a href="African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li>

<li><a href="American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_granulocytotropic_anaplasmosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_spotted_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean spotted fever">Mediterranean spotted fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li>

<li><a href="Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Oroya_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroya fever">Oroya fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gonococcemia" title="Gonococcemia">Gonococcemia</a>/<a href="Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a>/<a href="Primary_gonococcal_dermatitis" title="Primary gonococcal dermatitis">Primary gonococcal dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutaneous_Pasteurella_hemolytica_infection" title="Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection">Cutaneous <i>Pasteurella hemolytica</i> infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Meningococcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcemia">Meningococcemia</a></li>

<li><a href="Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gamma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a></li>

<li><a href="Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis" title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> cellulitis</a></li>

<li><span class="wrap"><a href="Pseudomonal_pyoderma" title="Pseudomonal pyoderma">Pseudomonal pyoderma</a> / <a href="Pseudomonas_hot-foot_syndrome" title="Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome"><i>Pseudomonas</i> hot-foot syndrome</a> / <a href="Hot_tub_folliculitis" title="Hot tub folliculitis">Hot tub folliculitis</a> / <a href="Ecthyma_gangrenosum" title="Ecthyma gangrenosum">Ecthyma gangrenosum</a> / <a href="Green_nail_syndrome" title="Green nail syndrome">Green nail syndrome</a> </span></li>

<li><a href="Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li>

<li><a href="Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li>

<li><a href="Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syphilid" title="Syphilid">Syphilid</a></li>

<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li>

<li><a href="Chancre" title="Chancre">Chancre</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinta_(disease)" title="Pinta (disease)">Pinta</a></li>

<li><a href="Bejel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejel">Bejel</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rat-bite_fever" title="Rat-bite fever">Rat-bite fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">Lymphogranuloma venereum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gram-negative_folliculitis" title="Gram-negative folliculitis">Gram-negative folliculitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gram-negative_toe_web_infection" title="Gram-negative toe web infection">Gram-negative toe web infection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified <br> pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Periapical_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapical abscess">Periapical abscess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boil" title="Boil">Boil/furuncle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hospital_furunculosis" title="Hospital furunculosis">Hospital furunculosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">Carbuncle</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a> / <a href="Pyogenic_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic paronychia">Pyogenic paronychia</a></li>

<li><a href="Perianal_cellulitis" title="Perianal cellulitis">Perianal cellulitis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Acute lymphadenitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilonidal_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilonidal cyst">Pilonidal cyst</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyoderma" title="Pyoderma">Pyoderma</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superficial_pustular_folliculitis" title="Superficial pustular folliculitis">Superficial pustular folliculitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sycosis_vulgaris" title="Sycosis vulgaris">Sycosis vulgaris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pimple" title="Pimple">Pimple</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecthyma" title="Ecthyma">Ecthyma</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitted_keratolysis" title="Pitted keratolysis">Pitted keratolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichomycosis_axillaris" title="Trichomycosis axillaris">Trichomycosis axillaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chronic_undermining_burrowing_ulcer" title="Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer">Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elephantiasis_nostras" title="Elephantiasis nostras">Elephantiasis nostras</a></li>

<li><a href="Blistering_distal_dactylitis" title="Blistering distal dactylitis">Blistering distal dactylitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Botryomycosis" title="Botryomycosis">Botryomycosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyomyositis" title="Pyomyositis">Pyomyositis</a></li>

<li><a href="Blastomycosis-like_pyoderma" title="Blastomycosis-like pyoderma">Blastomycosis-like pyoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullous_impetigo" title="Bullous impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_lymphangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic lymphangitis">Chronic lymphangitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Recurrent_toxin-mediated_perineal_erythema" title="Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema">Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick-borne_lymphadenopathy" title="Tick-borne lymphadenopathy">Tick-borne lymphadenopathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_ulcer" title="Tropical ulcer">Tropical ulcer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Cellulitis&oldid=1300820586">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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